Throat singers produce their harmonics through a process called biofeedback. This means they raise and lower the fundamental frequency until they get maximum resonance on the harmonics sounding above, like moving a ladder up and down to achieve a desired height. They achieve this by controlling the manner in which the vocal folds open and close. When throat singing, the singer keeps the folds open for a shorter period and closed for longer. The abrupt closure puts greater energy into the upper harmonics, resulting in a clearer sound. In addition to controlling the rate at which the vocal folds open and close, throat singers also manipulate the fundamental frequency through moving their jaws forward, and narrowing or protruding their lips. As to actual pitch manipulation, there are four basic ways by which this is achieved. First, the tip of the tongue remains behind the teeth while the midtongue actually rises. The lips can also be opened slightly. This method is commonly used in the Sygyt style, discussed later. Secondly, moving the tongue forward can assist in manipulating pitch. The third method involves the throat itself. For lower harmonics, the base of the tongue moves to the rear of the throat. For mid to high harmonics, the base of the tongue moves forward until there is space in the vallecula, which is the space between the rear of the tongue and the epiglottis. Finally, a throat singer can manipulate pitch by simply widening the mouth in very precise increments, giving the effect of shortening the vocal tract. This is the easiest for one to experiment with and experience. The slightest opening or closing of the mouth can literally raise or lower a pitch. One can try humming a pitch, then very slowly open one’s mouth to an “oo” sound, then “oh”, “ee” and “ah” and see what happens to the pitch. Listen carefully and there should be a noticeable change in the overtones above the note that is being hummed/sung.

Source: Wikipedia

“The highest goal in life: To inquire and create. To search the riches of the past. To try to internalize  the parts of them that are significant to you, and carry that quest for understanding further in your own way. Purpose of Education from that point of view is just to help people determine how to learn on their own. Its you the learner who is going to achieve in the course of education and its really up to you what you will master where you will go how you will use it….how you  will go on to produce something new and exciting for yourself..maybe others.” THAT IS ONE VIEW.

HERE IS THE OTHER VIEW: “[......] More Control, more indoctrination, more vocational training. Imposing a debt which traps students young people into a life of conformity. In colleges and schools do you train for passing test or do you train for creative inquiry? Pursuing interest that are aroused by the materials that are presented that you want to pursue..either on your own or with others?”…………………………..

“Powerful structures in society which would prefer people to be indoctrinated, conformed, not ask too many questions, be obdeient, fulfill the roles that are assigned to you and not try to shake systems of power and authority. Those are choices we have to make either as people wherever we stand in the education system…as teachers, students……”

“The person who wins the Nobel prize in Biology is not the person who read the most Journal Articles and took most notes on them. Its the person who knew what to look for and cultivating that capacity to seek what is significant: Always willing to question whether you are on the right track. That is what education (should be about) whether it is using computer and internet, pen and paper or a book.”

“Do we want to have a society of free, creative, independent individuals able to appreciate and gain from the cultural increments of the past and to act on them. Do we want them? Or do we want people who can increase them? They are not the same……………..”

” If there is not a lively cultural and educational system which is geared toward encouraging creative exploration, independence of thought, willingness to challenge, cross frontiers to challenge accepted beliefs and so on..if you do not have that, you are not going to get the technology that can lead to economic gains…though I don’t think that the prime purpose of cultural enrichment and education.. that’s just a part of it.”

“A person can do magnificently on any test and understand very little…………….Passing test does not begin to compare with searching and inquiring and pursuing topics that engage us and excite us…. that’s far more important than passing test.”